The C Programming Language¶

Chapter Checklist¶

Preface
Preface to the first edition
Introduction
Chapter 1 - A Tutorial Introduction
- 1.1 Getting Started
- 1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions
- 1.3 The for statement
- 1.4 Symbolic Constants
- 1.5 Character Input and Output
  - 1.5.1 File Copying
  - 1.5.2 Character Counting
  - 1.5.3 Line Counting
  - 1.5.4 Word Counting
- 1.6 Arrays
- 1.7 Functions
- 1.8 Arguments - Call by Value
- 1.9 Character Arrays
- 1.10 External Variables and Scope
Chapter 2 - Types, Operators and Expressions
- 2.1 Variable Names
- 2.2 Data Types and Sizes
- 2.3 Constants
- 2.4 Declarations
- 2.5 Arithmetic Operators
- 2.6 Relational and Logical Operators
- 2.7 Type Conversions
- 2.8 Increment and Decrement Operators
- 2.9 Bitwise Operators
- 2.10 Assignment Operators and Expressions
- 2.11 Conditional Expressions
- 2.12 Precedence and Order of Evaluation
Chapter 3 - Control Flow
- 3.1 Statements and Blocks
- 3.2 If-Else
- 3.3 Else-If
- 3.4 Switch
- 3.5 Loops - While and For
- 3.6 Loops - Do-While
- 3.7 Break and Continue
- 3.8 Got and labels
Chapter 4 - Functions and Program Structure
- 4.1 Basics of Functions
- 4.2 Functions Returning Non-integers
- 4.3 External Variables
- 4.4 Scope Rules
- 4.5 Header Files
- 4.6 Static Variables
- 4.7 Register Variables
- 4.8 Block Structure
49 Initialization
- 4.10 Recursion
- 4.11 The C Preprocessor
4.11.1 File Inclusion
4.11.2 Macro Substitution
4.11.3 Conditional Inclusion
Chapter 5 - Pointers and Arrays
- 5.1 Pointers and Addresses
- 5.2 Pointers and Function Arguments
- 5.3 Pointers and Arrays
- 5.4 Address Arithmetic
- 5.5 Character Pointers and Functions
- 5.6 Pointer Arrays; Pointers to Pointers
- 5.7 Multi-dimensional Arrays
- 5.8 Initialization of Pointer Arrays
- 5.9 Pointers vs. Multi-dimensional Arrays
- 5.10 Command-line Arguments
- 5.11 Pointers to Functions
- 5.12 Complicated Declarations
Chapter 6 - Structures
- 6.1 Basics of Structures
- 6.2 Structures and Functions,
- 6.3 Arrays of Structures
- 6.4 Pointers to Structures
- 6.5 Self-referential Structures
- 6.6 Table Lookup
- 6.7 Typedef
- 6.8 Unions
- 6.9 Bit-fields
Chapter 7 - Input and Output
- 7.1 Standard Input and Output
- 7.2 Formatted Output - printf
- 7.3 Variable-length Argument Lists
- 7.4 Formatted Input - Scanf
- 7.5 File Access
- 7.6 Error Handling - Stderr and Ex
- 7.7 Line Input and Output
- 7.8 Miscellaneous Functions
  - 7.8.1 String Operations
  - 7.8.2 Character Class Testing and Conversior
  - 7.8.3 Ungetc
  - 7.8.4 Command Execution
  - 7.8.5 Storage Management
  - 7.8.6 Mathematical Functions
  - 7.8.7 Random Number generation
Chapter 8 - The UNIX System Interface
- 8.1 File Descriptors
- 8.2 Low Level I/O - Read and Write
- 8.3 Open, Creat, Close, Unlink
- 8.4 Random Access - Lseek
- 8.5 Example - An implementation of Fopen and Getc
- 8.6 Example - Listing Directories
- 8.7 Example - A Storage Allocator
Appendix A - Reference Manual
- A.1 Introduction
- A.2 Lexical Conventions
  - A.2.1 Tokens
  - A.2.2 Comments
  - A.2.3 Identifiers
  - A.2.4 Keywords
  - A.2.5 Constants
  - A.2.6 String Literals
- A.3 Syntax Notation
- A.4 Meaning of Identifiers
  - A.4.1 Storage Class
  - A.4.2 Basic Types
  - A.4.3 Derived types
  - A.4.4 Type Qualifiers
- A.5 Objects and Lvalues
- A.6 Conversions
  - A.6.1 Integral Promotion
  - A.6.2 Integral Conversions
  - A.6.3 Integer and Floating
  - A.6.4 Floating Types
  - A.6.5 Arithmetic Conversions
  - A.6.6 Pointers and Integers
  - A.6.7 Void
  - A.6.8 Pointers to Void
- A.7 Expressions
  - A.7.1 Pointer Conversion
  - A.7.2 Primary Expressions
  - A.7.3 Postfix Expressions
  - A.7.4 Unary Operators
  - A.7.5 Casts
  - A.7.6 Multiplicative Operators
  - A.7.7 Additive Operators
  - A.7.8 Shift Operators
  - A.7.9 Relational Operators
  - A.7.10 Equality Operators
  - A.7.11 Bitwise AND Operator
  - A.7.12 Bitwise Exclusive OR Operator
  - A.7.13 Bitwise Inclusive OR Operator
  - A.7.14 Logical AND Operator
  - A.7.15 Logical OR Operator
  - A.7.16 Conditional Operator
  - A.7.17 Assignment Expressions
  - A.7.18 Comma Operator
  - A.7.19 Constant Expressions
- A.8 Declarations
  - A.8.1 Storage Class Specifiers
  - A.8.2 Type Specifiers
  - A.8.3 Structure and Union Declarations
  - A.8.4 Enumerations
  - A.8.5 Declarators
  - A.8.6 Meaning of Declarators
  - A.8.7 Initialization
  - A.8.8 Type names
  - A.8.9 Typedef
  - A.8.10 Type Equivalence
- A.9 Statements
  - A.9.1 Labeled Statements
  - A.9.2 Expression Statement
  - A.9.3 Compound Statement
  - A.9.4 Selection Statements
  - A.9.5 Iteration Statements
  - A.9.6 Jump statements
- A.10 External Declarations
  - A.10.1 Function Definitions
  - A.10.2 External Declarations
- A.11 Scope and Linkage
  - A.11.1 Lexical Scope
  - A.11.2 Linkage
- A.12 Preprocessing
  - A.12.1 Trigraph Sequences
  - A.12.2 Line Splicing
  - A.12.3 Macro Definition and Expansion
  - A.12.4 File Inclusion
  - A.12.5 Conditional Compilation
  - A.12.6 Line Control
  - A.12.7 Error Generation
  - A.12.8 Pragmas
  - A.12.9 Null directive
  - A.12.10 Predefined names
- A.13 Grammar
Appendix B - Standard Library
- B.1 Input and Output: <stdio.h>
  - B.1.1 File Operations
  - B.1.2 Formatted Output
  - B.1.3 Formatted Input
  - B.1.4 Character Input and Output Functions
  - B.1.5 Direct Input and Output Functions
  - B.1.6 File Positioning Functions
  - B.1.7 Error Functions
- B.2 Character Class Tests: <ctype.h>
- B.3 String Functions: <string.h>
- B.4 Mathematical Functions: <math.h>
- B.5 Utility Functions: <stdlib.h>
- B.6 Diagnostics: <assert.h>
- B.7 Variable Argument Lists: <stdarg.h>
- B.8 Non-local Jumps: <setjmp.h>
- B.9 Signals: <signal.h>
- B.10 Date and Time Functions: <time.h>
- B.11 Implementation-defined Limits: <limits.h> and <float.h>